Compositions and methods of use

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are compositions and methods that can remove, metabolize, or degrade a hydrocarbon in an area that is contaminated by hydrocarbons. Methods for bioremediation of an area such as an area of land, a body of water, or a shoreline that are contaminated by a hydrocarbon, such as from a crude oil spill are also described. The compositions and methods described herein can be used on natural flora and fauna as well as manmade materials that are contaminated by a hydrocarbon.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to and claims the benefit of priority toU.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/788,424, filed Mar. 15,2013, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

The disclosure relates to the field of environmental microbiology andthe removal or bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminants from theenvironment. The disclosure relates to compositions that include amixture of microorganisms, nutritive components, emulsifiers, andenzymes that provide for bioremediation and that are useful in removing,degrading, and/or bioremediation of a hydrocarbon from an area, as wellas and methods the incorporate the compositions.

BACKGROUND

Hydrocarbon contamination and oil spills cause significant economic andenvironmental damage. Crude oil and refined fuel spills have damaged anarray of ecosystems ranging from arctic and tundra in Alaska and Russia,to tropical and subtropical regions (e.g., the Gulf of Mexico). Whilethe amount of oil released in an accident is a major factor inestimating the severity of the contamination (e.g., from a few hundredtons to several hundred thousand tons (e.g., Deepwater Horizon OilSpill, Atlantic Empress, Amoco Cadiz)) it is a combination of the amountof the material and the location of the spill that provides a gauge ofthe cost of resources and impact on the environment. Smaller spills,such as the Exxon Valdez for example, can have a large impact on anecosystem because of the remoteness of the site or the difficulty islaunching and maintaining an emergency environmental response.

In light of the continuing increase in the demand for energy, oil spillsare a persistent risk and consequence of fossil fuel-based energyproduction. In order to meet the increasing global demand for oil,activities surrounding oil exploration, production, and processing arealso likely to increase. This, in turn, increases the opportunities forenvironmental contamination arising from oil production. Oil spills mayresult from the release of crude oil (or refined petroleum products(such as gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene) and their by-product wastes)from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs wells, pipelines, andstorage containers or containment vessels. Oil spills are notoriouslydifficult to contain and clean up in marine areas (e.g., oceans andcoastal waters) as well as freshwater rivers and lakes, but spills thatoccur on land may also be difficult to clean up, and may also poseimmediate safety concerns (e.g., due to breakages or spillagesassociated with storage/containment vessels or transport pipelines, andexposure near population centers). Typically, however, oil spills onland are more readily containable by using techniques such as buildingmakeshift earth dams around the spill site, and land animals can avoidthe oil more easily relative to aquatic life. Marine spills areparticularly challenging to contain and clean up since they can spreadfor hundreds of nautical miles in a thin oil slick which can eventuallyspread to and contaminate beaches with a thin coating of oil, or asagglomerates (e.g., “tar balls”). Oil slicks can kill all varieties ofsea life, including sea birds, sea mammals, fish, shellfish and otherorganisms that it comes in contact with and/or coats.

Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends uponmany factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of thewater (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types ofshorelines and beaches involved. Spills may take weeks, months or evenyears to clean up. As such, the existing methods that are used to removeoil contaminants from an ecosystem and for cleaning and restoring theenvironment are not adequate. For example, there is a huge economic costfor clean-up strategies that strategies that use oil dispersanttechnology, such as used in the Deep Water Horizon accident. Furthermoreusing dispersants may dissipate the observable oil slicks, oilagglomerate “chocolate mousse,” and tarballs, but they do not remove theoil or contaminating hydrocarbons from the environment. Current researchcoming from the Gulf waters that were exposed to the Deep Water Horizonaccident is showing that chemical dispersants such as Corexit (e.g.,Corexit 9527A and 9500A), may combine with crude oil to make it morebioavailable and significantly more toxic to marine organisms,particularly smaller and/or microscopic organisms such as Rotifera.(See, Rico-Martinez, R., et al., Environmental Pollution (February 2013)173:5-10; epub November 2012). Therefore, not only are the currentstrategies for containment and clean-up of hydrocarbon contaminationextremely expensive, the techniques and reagents used in the existingstrategies may be causing more environmental damage and causing moretoxicity to native flora and fauna than would the oil on its own.

Accordingly, there is a continuing need for new strategies for lesseningor eliminating the prolonged impact of hydrocarbon pollutants, such asthose associated with oil production and processing, and that help torestore the exposed environment and contaminated flora and fauna to itsnatural state.

SUMMARY

In an aspect, the disclosure provides a composition comprising amicrobial component; an enzymatic component; an emulsifying component;and a nutritive component. In some embodiments, the composition mayfurther comprise a substrate or carrier component. In embodiments thecomposition may comprise by weight percent of the total weight of thecomposition: about 5-75% microbial component; about 5-25% enzymaticcomponent; about 5-20% emulsifying component; and about 5-30% nutritivecomponent. In some embodiments the composition further comprises about5-30% of a substrate or carrier component. In some embodiments, thecomposition may further comprise about 5-30% water. In furtherembodiments, the composition may be an aqueous solution, suspension,dispersion, paste, or slurry, or an emulsion such as, for example, anoil-in-water emulsion.

In some embodiments, the composition may comprise the microbialcomponent from about 10% to about 60% by weight percent. In certainembodiments, the ratio of the amount of the microbial component to theamount of enzymatic component from about 1:1 to about 10:1 (by weight).In some embodiments the ratio of the amount of the microbial componentto the amount of combined nutritive and emulsifying components is about1:1 to about 7:1. In even further embodiments, the composition maycomprise the microbial, enzymatic, and combined nutritive andemulsifying components in the relative amounts (by weight) of about5:1:2.5, respectively.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a microbial componenthaving at least one microbe that is capable of metabolizing ahydrocarbon component of crude oil. In certain embodiments, themicrobial component comprises at least one microbe selected from abacteria of the genus Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Arthrobacter,Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Nocardia, Vibrio, Acinetobacter,Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Leucothrix, Rhizobium,Spirillum, Xanthomonas, Alcaligenes, Cytophaga, Thermomicrobium,Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Blastochloris, Thaurea, Azoarcus,Dechloromonas, Geobacter, Desulfobacula, Desulfobacterium, andSphaerotilus; a yeast of the genus Candida, Cladosporium, Rhodotorula,Rhodosporidium, Saccharomyces, Sporobolomyces, Trichosporon, Hansenula,and Aureobasidium; a fungus of the genus Penicillium, Cunninghamella,Verticillium, Beauveria, Mortieriella, Phoma, Scolecobasidium,Tolypocladium, Aspergillus, Graphium, Paecilomyces, Fusarium,Acremonium, Mortierella, Gliocladium, Trichoderma, and Sphaeropsidales;or an algae selected from the genus Prototheca, Oscillatoria,Microcoleus, Anabaena, Agmenellum, Coccochloris, Nostoc, Aphanocapsa,Chlorella, Dunaliella, Chlamydomonas, Ulva, Cylindretheca, Amphora,Porphyridium, and Petalonia; or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the composition comprises at least one microbe selectedfrom the group of Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillusamyloliquefaciens, Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonasfluororescens, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and L. Salivarius bifidum, ora consortium of microbes comprising at least two, three, four, five,six, seven, or all eight of the above identified microbes.

In further embodiments the composition comprises an emulsifyingcomponent that includes lecithin, a fatty acid, glycerol, a glycolipid,a triglyceride, a phospholipid, a cationic surfactant, an anionicsurfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, or a non-ionic surfactant. In someembodiments, the emulsifying component may comprise a high or lowmolecular weight biosurfactant selected from rhamnolipids (Pseudomonasaerugniosa), trehalose lipids (Arthrobacter paraffineus, Rhodococcuserythropolis, Mycobacterium spp.), sophorose lipids (Candida lipolytica,Torulopsis bombicola), viscosin (Pseudomonas fluorescens), surfactin(Bacillus subtilis), polymixins (Bacillus polymyxa), gramicidin S(Bacillus brevis), phospholipids (Acinetobacter spp., Thiobacillusthiooxidans), lipopeptides (Bacillis pumilis, Bacillus licheniformis,Pseudomonas fluorescens), polyol lipids (Rhodotorula glutinis,Rhodotorula graminis), serrawettin (Serratia marcescens), corynomycolicacids, spiculisporic acids (Corynebacterium lepus, Arthrobacterparafineus, Penicillium spiculisporum, Talaromyces trachyspermus),sulfonylipids (Capnocytophaga spp.), diglycosyl diglycerides(Lactobacillus fermentii), alasan (Acinetobacter radioresistens),emulsan (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus), biodispersan (Acinetobactercalcoaceticus), liposan (Candida lipolytica), mannan-lipoprotein(Candida tropicalis), food emulsifier (Candida utilis), insecticideemulsifier (Pseudomonas tralucida), sulfated polysaccharide (Halomonaseurihalina), and acetyl heteropolysaccharide (Sphingomonaspaucimobilis). In some embodiments, the emulsifying component compriseslecithin, and an optional biosurfactant that is produced from one ormore of the microbes in the microbial component.

In some embodiments, the composition may comprise an enzymatic componentincluding one or more of amylase, lipase, papain, bromelain, cellulase,hemicellulase, protease AO, or pancreatin, or any combination thereof.In some embodiments, the enzymatic component comprises a mixture atleast two enzymes selected from amylase, lipase, papain, bromelain,cellulase, hemicellulose, protease AO, and pancreatin.

In some embodiments, the nutritive component comprises spirulina,probiotics, or a complex, minimal, or chemically defined microbialgrowth medium, or any combinations thereof.

In further embodiments, the composition may further comprise anadditional source of nitrogen and phosphate. In other embodiments, thecomposition may further comprise a substrate component selected from thegroup consisting of carbon (e.g., activated charcoal), salts, brans,starches, flours, and biodegradable fibers.

In another aspect, the disclosure relates to a method for removinghydrocarbons from an area that is contaminated by hydrocarbonscomprising (a) providing an amount of a composition as disclosed herein,and (b) applying an amount of the composition to at least a portion ofthe area contaminated by hydrocarbons, wherein the applying is performedunder conditions that allow for the hydrocarbons to be removed.

In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a method for promotingbioremediation in an area contaminated by a hydrocarbon comprising (a)providing an amount of a composition as disclosed herein, and (b)applying an amount of the composition to at least a portion of the areacontaminated by the hydrocarbon, wherein applying is performed undercondition that allow the composition to promote in situ bioremediation.

In a further aspect, the disclosure provides a method for cleaninghydrocarbons from a surface that is contaminated by hydrocarbonscomprising (a) providing an amount of a composition as disclosed herein,and (b) applying an amount of the composition to at least a portion ofthe surface contaminated by hydrocarbons, wherein the applying isperformed under conditions that allow for the hydrocarbons to beremoved.

In embodiments of the above methods, the contaminated area may be a bodyof water selected from seawater, fresh water, brackish water, wetland,swamp, or ice. In other embodiments, the contaminated area may be a landmass. In further embodiments, the contaminated area may comprise anatural or man-made solid surface selected from the group consisting ofplants, rocks, soils, metals, plastics, rubber, woven fiber, andconcrete. In some embodiments the methods relate to cleaning ofcontainers used to hold hydrocarbons such as, for example, oil tankerliners, metal holding drums, refinery holding tanks, waste containmentvessels, and the like.

The disclosure provides for other aspects and embodiments that will beapparent to one of skill in the art in light of the followingdescription.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING

FIG. 1 depicts a series of photographs of three reaction vessels takenover a period of two weeks, where the vessel in column (i) correspond tocontrols (salt water+crude oil), the vessel in column (ii) correspond toaddition of microbes (salt water+crude oil+microbes), and the vessel incolumn (iii) correspond to an embodiment of the disclosed composition(salt water+crude oil+Composition A). FIG. 1A was taken 10 minutes afterthe addition of either microbes (ii) or Composition A (iii) to thesamples. FIG. 1B was taken on day 3. FIG. 1C was taken on day 5. FIG. 1Dwas taken on day 7. FIG. 1E was taken on day 10. FIG. 1F was taken onday 12.

FIG. 2 depicts the same three reaction vessels with photographs taken onday 7 upon exposure to a black light. FIG. 2A corresponds to the control(salt water+crude oil). FIG. 2B corresponds to microbes (saltwater+crude oil+microbes). FIG. 2C corresponds to an embodiment of thedisclosed composition (salt water+crude oil+Composition A).

FIG. 3 depicts photographs upon exposure to a black light of the samethree reaction vessels of FIGS. 1 & 2 that were taken on day 12. FIG. 3Acorresponds to the control (salt water+crude oil). FIG. 3B correspondsto microbes (salt water+crude oil+microbes). FIG. 3C corresponds to oneembodiment of the disclosed composition (salt water+crudeoil+Composition A).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In a general sense, the disclosure relates to a composition thatcomprises a blend of microorganisms, enzymes, and nutritive componentsthat are surprisingly effective in processing, metabolizing, andeliminating hydrocarbons upon contact. The inventor has identified thatcompositions comprising effective combinations of components includingmicrobes, enzymes, emulsifiers, nutritional media, and optional carriersand/or substrates can reduce or eliminate the impact of contaminatinghydrocarbons in or on any general location, surface, or environment, orin a particular ecosystem. The composition may be provided in a formthat is suitable for application to a body of water, to an area of land,to man-made articles of manufacture, or to a living organism (plant andanimal) that has been exposed to and/or has been contaminated with, asubstance comprising hydrocarbons. Accordingly, the compositions andmethods disclosed herein provide for the elimination of hydrocarboncontamination, or the reduction of the impact of hydrocarboncontamination, and represent a significant improvement upon the existingmethods and compositions used to remove contaminant hydrocarbons from anarea such as, for example, an ecosystem.

The compositions and methods disclosed herein provide for significantadvantages relative to existing strategies for removal of hydrocarbons(e.g., oil spills). Some advantages include avoiding toxicity associatedwith chemical dispersant and/or detergent compositions, avoiding contactbetween oil droplets and organisms that live on the ocean floor and inthe water column, and restoring or even enhancing the ecological balanceof the contaminated ecosystem to the state prior to the contamination. Afurther advantage provided by the compositions and methods disclosedherein is that they can be used and are effective under adverse weatherconditions, strong currents, or regardless of tide patterns that cantypically render existing methods of oil removal partially or completelyineffective. The compositions also suitably comprise components that arereadily available from a variety of commercial sources and thereforerepresent a significant cost savings over existing compositions (e.g.,chemical dispersants) and methods that are used to abate contaminationarising from hydrocarbons.

A particular advantage provided by embodiments of the compositionsdisclosed herein is that they may be effective in removing or reducingthe amount of contaminating hydrocarbon while comprising only componentsthat have no or very low toxicity to plants and animals, and arebiodegradable (leaving little to no residue in the environment). To theextent that the composition leaves any residue, it may suitably serve asa nutritional source for the native life in the particular ecosystem.Accordingly, the compositions described herein represent an attractivealternative to other agents used in the management of hydrocarboncontamination, such as chemical dispersants, which are becomingassociated with greater regulatory scrutiny and have a more significantimpact on the environment.

Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention willbecome apparent from the following description and the accompanyingdrawings.

It should be appreciated, and is discussed in more detail below, thatall numerical ranges disclosed herein are intended to include anyparticular number within that range as well as sub-ranges that fallwithin the scope of the broader range. For example, a range of 0.01% to5.0% will be understood to also encompass ranges falling at or above0.01% and at or below 5.0% (e.g., 3.7%, 1.0%, 0.02%-0.04%, 0.02%-4.5%,0.05%-4.08%, or 0.03%-1.0%, etc). These are just examples of the typesof numbers and ranges that would be encompassed.

All patents and non-patent literature references cited herein areincorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

Hydrocarbons

The compositions and methods disclosed herein provide for theelimination or the reduction of the impact of hydrocarbon contaminantsin the environment. The terms “hydrocarbon,” “hydrocarbons,”“contaminating hydrocarbons” or “hydrocarbon contaminants” as usedherein are generally interchangeable and refer to the carbonaceousmaterial that constitutes the majority of crude oil, refined oil, andpetroleum products, as described below or otherwise known in the art. Insome embodiments, a hydrocarbon comprises oil, crude oil, refined oil,or petroleum products such as, for example, petroleum, alkanes, alkenes,alkynes, aromatics, naphthas, asphaltenes, and the like.

Crude Oil Hydrocarbons

Crude oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, as well asminor amounts of organic compound containing nitrogen, oxygen, andsulfur, and trace metals (e.g., iron, nickel, copper and vanadium). Theexact molecular composition of crude oil varies widely by location toformation. The most common hydrocarbons in crude oil are alkanes (linearor branched), cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and heaviercomponents such as waxes and asphaltenes. The unique mix of molecularcomponents for each crude oil variety defines its physical and chemicalproperties, such as color and viscosity.

The alkanes, or paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight orbranched chains which contain only carbon and hydrogen and have thegeneral formula C_(n)H_(2n+2). Although trace amounts of shorter orlonger hydrocarbon molecules may be present in crude oil, it generallycontains alkanes having from 5 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule, as theC₁₋₄ alkanes (i.e., methane, ethane, propane, and butane) are typicallyin gaseous form under atmospheric conditions. The alkanes from pentane(C₅H₁₂) to octane (C₈H₁₈) are refined into gasoline, while alkanes fromnonane (C₉H₂O) to hexadecane (C₁₆H₃₄) are refined into diesel fuel,kerosene, and jet fuel. The larger alkanes (e.g., more than 16 carbonatoms) can be refined into fuel oil and lubricating oil, or can becracked into smaller hydrocarbons and used for higher value products.

The cycloalkane, or naphthene, component includes saturated hydrocarbonswith one or more carbocyclic groups of the formula C_(n)H_(2n). Thearomatic hydrocarbons in crude oil are unsaturated hydrocarbons,typically including benzene moieties, of the formula C_(n)H_(n).

During the refining process, the different hydrocarbon components areseparated by fractional distillation (i.e., by carbon chain length) toproduce the particular endproduct(s).

Analysis of Hydrocarbon Content

The amount of various molecules in an oil sample can be determined inlaboratory. The molecules are typically extracted in a solvent, thenseparated in a gas chromatograph, and finally determined with a suitabledetector, such as a flame ionization detector or a mass spectrometer.Due to the large number of co-eluted hydrocarbons within oil, manycannot be resolved by traditional gas chromatography and typicallyappear as a hump in the chromatogram. This unresolved complex mixture(UCM) of hydrocarbons is particularly apparent when analyzing weatheredoils and extracts from tissues of organisms exposed to oil. Any of themethods that are known in the art as useful for determining the amountof hydrocarbons in a sample, as well as those that can provide for thecompositional analysis of a particular hydrocarbon source may be used inconnection with the compositions and methods disclosed herein, such asfor example total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) analysis, gaschromatography, heavy metal analysis, UV light detection (e.g., Vertek'sLVUV ultraviolet LED technologies), or by indirect measurement usingassays that identify the presence of one or more component(s) of thecompositions disclosed herein (e.g., the 2,6-DCPIP assay for detectinghydrocarbon-degrading bacteria (e.g., Kubota, et al., Biodegradation(2008) 19:749-757).

Compositions

In an aspect, the disclosure provides for a composition comprisingamounts of a microbial component, an enzymatic component, an emulsifyingcomponent, and a nutritive component. In some embodiments, thecomposition can further comprise a substrate. Suitably, the compositioncomprises the various components in amounts that are effective to reduceor eliminate the immediate damaging effects of hydrocarboncontamination, and consequently the persistent, long-term damagingeffects that are typical of hydrocarbon contamination on an ecosystem.The composition can be applied to an area of land, a body of water, anorganism (animal or plant), or a man-made article of manufacture (boats,holding tanks, clothing) in an amount that is effective to degradehydrocarbons at a rate that is accelerated relative to the naturalhydrocarbon biodegradation processes provided by native microbialpopulations, weathering of hydrocarbons, or typical cleansing protocols.In some aspects, the compositions and methods described herein canprovide for the reduction of the amount of contaminating hydrocarbonalmost immediately upon application (i.e., within minutes).

The amount of the various components in the composition, includingmicrobes, enzymes, emulsifiers, and nutritional components can rangebroadly and can depend on the particular type of microbe(s), enzyme(s),emulsifier(s), as well as the intended use of the composition (e.g.,based on method of application, the location, and/or particularhydrocarbon contaminant). For example, in some embodiments, thecomposition can comprise an amount of the microbial component in a rangeof about 5% to about 75% (by weight percent of the total composition),about 10% to about 60%, about 20% to about 60%, about 30% to about 60%,about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 50%, or about 40%, 41%, 42%,43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, or about 50%. As noted previouslyherein, the recited weight percent ranges of the components thatcomprise the composition should be understood to encompass all weightpercent values falling within those ranges (e.g., “about 40% to about50%” includes about 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, and 50%as well as including fractions of those weight percent values (e.g.,45.1%, 45.2%, 45.3%, 45.4%, 45.5%, 45.6%, 45.7%, 45.8%, and 45.9%).

In some embodiments, the composition can comprise an amount of theenzymatic component in a range of about 0.1%-75% (by weight percent ofthe total composition), 0.1%-70%, 0.1%-65%, 0.1%-60%, 0.1%-55%,0.1%-50%, 0.1%-45%, 0.1%-40%, or about 0.1% to about 35%, about 1% toabout 30%, about 1% to about 25%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% toabout 20%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 10%, about 10% toabout 15%, or about 10%.

In some embodiments, the composition can comprise an amount of theemulsifier component in a range of about 0.1% to about 40% (by weightpercent of the total composition), about 1% to about 30%, about 1% toabout 25%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% toabout 15%, about 5% to about 10%, about 10% to about 15%, or about 10%.

In some embodiments, the composition can comprise an amount of thenutritive component in a range of about 0.1% to about 40% (by weightpercent of the total composition), about 1% to about 30%, about 1% toabout 25%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% toabout 15%, about 5% to about 10%, about 10% to about 15%, or about 10%.

As noted above, any of the recited weight percent ranges of thecomponent in the composition should be understood to encompass allweight percent values falling within those ranges (e.g., “about 10% toabout 15%” includes about 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, and 15% as well asincluding fractions of those weight percent values (e.g., 10.1%, 10.2%,10.3%, 10.4%, 10.5%, 10.6%, 10.7%, 10.8%, and 10.9%).

While the amount of the various components in the composition may rangebroadly beyond those embodiments disclosed above, a composition suitablycontains amounts of the various components to be effective in reducingthe amount of hydrocarbon contaminant. In some embodiments, the amount(e.g., weight %) of microbial, enzyme, emulsifier, and nutritivecomponents in the composition together provide for a composition thatmeets or exceeds the EPA requirements for a product suitable for certainuses and in certain applications (e.g., sold as a crude oilbioremediation product, such as a powder, lyophilisate, concentrate, orready-to-use product).

In some embodiments, and as discussed below, the composition can includeone or more carriers and/or diluents in addition to the microbial,enzymatic, emulsifier, and nutritive components such as, for example,any solid or liquid carrier or diluent that is commonly used inenvironmental applications (e.g., agricultural or horticulturalcompositions). Suitably, any included additional carrier or diluent willnot reduce the efficacy of the composition to degrade, metabolize, orotherwise remove the contaminating hydrocarbon, relative to the efficacyof the composition in the absence of the additional component. Suitablecarriers and diluents are discussed in more detail below. Thecomposition can include varying amounts of other components such as, forexample, surfactants (e.g., non-ionic, anionic, cationic, andzwitterionic surfactants); fatty acids and fatty acid esters (e.g.,methyl palmitate/oleate/linoleate); and other auxiliary ingredients suchas, for example, emulsifiers, dispersants, stabilizers, suspendingagents, penetrants, coloring agents/dyes, and fragrances, as necessaryor desired. These optional additional components can be included in thecompositions in any amount as long as the composition has some amount ofefficacy in removing a contaminating hydrocarbon.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising,consisting essentially of, or consisting of a microbial component, anenzymatic component, an emulsifier, a nutritive component and anoptional substrate carrier. In embodiments, the composition includes themicrobial component, the enzymatic component, the emulsifier, and thenutritive component, wherein the amount of microbial component providesfrom about 100 million to about 100 billion colony forming units (CFU)per gram of combined nutritive component and emulsifier. In someembodiments, the composition includes the microbial component, theenzymatic component, the emulsifier, and the nutritive component,wherein the amount of enzymatic provides from about 500,000 thousand toabout 20 million enzymatic units (e.g., digestion units) per gram ofcombined nutritive component and emulsifier. Suitably, the nutritivecomponent and the emulsifier are provided in about equivalent amounts,but may vary in relative ratios with each other from about 1:5, 1:4,1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 0.5:1, 0.3:1, 0.25:1, or 0.2:1, or any ratios fallingwithin the ranges of about 1:5 to about 0.2:1.

In certain embodiments, the ratio of the amount of the microbialcomponent to the amount of enzymatic component from at least about 1:1,at least about 2:1, at least about 3:1, at least about 4:1, at leastabout 5:1, at least about 6:1, at least about 7:1, at least about 8:1,at least about 9:1, or at least about 10:1 (by weight), or any ratiosfalling within the ranges of at least about 1:1 to about 10:1. Inembodiments, the ratio of the enzymatic component to the microbialcomponent may be less than about 1:1, less than about 1:2, less thanabout 1:3, less than about 1:4, less than about 1:5, less than about1:6, less than about 1:7, less than about 1:8, less than about 1:9, orless than about 1:10, or less than any ratios falling within the rangesof about 1:1 to about 1:10. In some embodiments the ratio of the amountof the microbial component to the amount of combined nutritive andemulsifying components is about 0.5:1 to about 10:1 by weight (e.g. atleast about 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, or at leastabout 10:1), or any ratios falling within the ranges of at least about0.5:1 to about 10:1. In embodiments, the ratio of the combined nutritiveand emulsifying components to the microbial component may be less thanabout 1:0.5 (e.g., less than about 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7,1:8, 1:9, or less than about 1:10), or any ratios falling within theranges of less than about 1:0.5 to about 1:10. In even furtherembodiments, the composition may comprise the microbial, enzymatic, andcombined nutritive and emulsifying components are present in therelative amounts (by weight) in a ratio of about 5:1:2.5, respectively,or any variations to that ratio falling wherein any single value rangeswithin about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%,14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or about 25%(i.e., encompassing ratios of, for example, 6:1:2, 4:1.25:2.5, 6:0.75:2,etc.). As one of skill may recognize, variations to the amounts andratios of the various components of the composition can be made asneeded by the particular use, and without affecting the properties ofthe composition.

Microbes.

As used herein, the terms “microbe,” “microbes,” “microorganism,”“microorganisms,” “microbial component,” or “microbial consortium,” canrefer to one or a plurality of microorganisms of the same type, or amixture of microorganisms. A number of microbes are known to be able touse petroleum hydrocarbons as an energy source, and have been used todegrade contaminant hydrocarbons under certain conditions. Thecompositions provided by the disclosure may combine at least one microbethat is known to be able to detoxify hydrocarbons and/or metabolize ahydrocarbon as a source of food energy, with other components that aredescribed. In some embodiments the compositions can be formulated toinclude particular microbes that are endogenous to a specificenvironment or ecosystem that is to be treated. Such embodiments thatinclude one or more microbes that are indigenous to an environment or anecosystem are suitably used when the location of an area to be treatedwith the composition and methods disclosed herein are associated withsome variety of environmental extreme. For example, environmentalextremes can include cold temperatures (e.g., in artic and subartic oilexploration and transport) high temperatures (e.g., desert), highaltitude, high pressure (e.g., deep sea), and the like. In suchembodiments, the endogenous microbe(s) can also preferably metabolize ordetoxify contaminants that include a hydrocarbon.

Accordingly, the composition can comprise a variety of microorganismsthat are capable of metabolizing a hydrocarbon source such as, forexample, bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and algae. A variety of thesemicroorganisms have been identified as capable of processinghydrocarbons, including petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g., alkanes, alkenes,cyclic alkanes and alkenes, asphaltenes, polycyclic aromatics, etc.).

Oil-consuming bacteria are known. For example, sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB) and acid-producing bacteria are anaerobic, while general aerobicbacteria (GAB) are aerobic. These bacteria occur naturally and will actto remove oil from an ecosystem, and their biomass will tend to replaceother populations in the food chain.

Non-limiting examples include bacteria species selected from of thegenus Pseudomonas (e.g., P. putida, P. oleovorans, P. fluororescens),Achromobacter, Arthrobacter, Bacillus (e.g., B. licheniformis, B.subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. pumilus), Lactobacillus (e.g., L.acidophilus, L. salivarius bifidum), Micrococcus, Nocardia, Vibrio,Acinetobacter, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium,Leucothrix, Rhizobium, Spirillum, Xanthomonas, Alcaligenes, Cytophaga,Thermomicrobium, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, or Sphaerotilus.

Examples of yeasts include species from the genus Candida, Cladosporium,Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Saccharomyces, Sporobolomyces,Trichosporon, Hansenula, or Aureobasidium.

Examples of fungi include species from the genus Penicillium,Cunninghamella, Verticillium, Beauveria, Mortieriella, Phoma,Scolecobasidium, Tolypocladium, Aspergillus, Graphium, Paecilomyces,Fusarium, Acremonium, Mortierella, Gliocladium, Trichoderma, orSphaeropsidales.

Examples of algae include species from the genus Prototheca,Oscillatoria, Microcoleus, Anabaena, Agmenellum, Coccochloris, Nostoc,Aphanocapsa, Chlorella, Dunaliella, Chlamydomonas, Ulva, Cylindretheca,Amphora, Porphyridium, and Petalonia.

In some embodiments the composition can comprise at least one microbethat is capable of anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation. Such microbesinclude non-limiting examples such as anoxygenic photoheterotrophicbacterium (Blastochloris sulfoviridis), denitrifying bacteria (Thaureaaromatica, Azoarcus sp., Azoarcus tolulyticus, Dechloromonas sp.Pseudomonas sp., Vibrio sp., Strain EbN1, Strain HdN1, Strain H×N1,Strain M3, Strain mXyN1, Strain OcN1, Strain PbN1, Strain pCyN1, StrainpCyN2, Strain T3, Strain ToN1), iron (Fe³⁺) reducing bacteria (Geobactermetallireducens, Geobacter grbiciae), and sulfate reducing bacteria(Anaerolinea spp (Chloriflexi), Desulfobacula toluolica,Desulfobacterium cetonicum, Strain AK-01, Strain Hxd3, Strain mXyS 1,Strain NaphS2, Strain oXyS1, Strain Pnd3, Strain PRTOL1, Strain TD3).

Thus, a variety of microbial species may be suitable for use in thecompositions disclosed herein. Such microbes include those listed abovegenerally, as well as those that are otherwise known in the art asdescribed, for example, in Atlas, R. M., Microbiol. Rev., (March 1981)45(1):180-209; Bartha, R., Microb. Ecol., (1986) 12:155-172; Van Hamme,J. D., et al., Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., (December 2003) 67(4):503-549, and the references cited therein, each of which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments the composition can comprise at least one microbethat is capable of degrading hydrocarbons at temperatures from about 4°C. to about 20° C., or from about 4° C. to about 10° C. In someembodiments, the microbes can comprise at least one type ofoil-consuming bacteria. Such bacteria can include anaerobic or aerobicbacteria. Non-limiting examples of anaerobic bacteria includesulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and acid-producing bacteria, whilegeneral aerobic bacteria (GAB) are aerobic. These bacteria may occurnaturally and in the presence of the compositions disclosed herein mayact to remove (or enhance the activity to remove) a contaminatinghydrocarbon (e.g., crude oil) from an ecosystem, and their biomass mayreplace other populations in the food chain.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one microbeselected from a type of bacteria. In some embodiments, the compositioncomprises at least one microbe selected from a type of yeast. In someembodiments, the composition comprises at least one microbe selectedfrom a type of fungi. In some embodiments, the composition comprises atleast one microbe selected from a type of algae. In some embodiments thecomposition comprises a microbial component that consists essentially ofbacteria. In some embodiments the composition comprises a microbialcomponent that consists essentially of bacteria and yeast. In someembodiments the composition comprises a microbial component thatconsists essentially of bacteria and fungi. In some embodiments thecomposition comprises a microbial component that consists essentially ofbacteria and algae. In some embodiments the composition comprises amicrobial component that consists essentially of bacteria, yeast, fungi,and algae. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least onemicrobe selected from the group consisting of Bacillus licheniformis,Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus pumilus,Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluororescens, Lactobacillusacidophilus, and L. Salivarius bifidum. In some embodiments thecomposition may comprise at least two, at least three, at least four, atleast five, at least six, or at least seven microbes selected from thegroup consisting of Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillusamyloliquefaciens, Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonasfluororescens, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and L. Salivarius bifidum. Insome embodiments the composition may comprise a consortium of microbescomprising Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillusamyloliquefaciens, Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonasfluororescens, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and L. Salivarius bifidum. Themicrobes herein may be obtained from any known commercial source, or maybe cultured from the local environment near the location (or a similartype of environment) of a contaminated hydrocarbon to be removed.

Enzymes.

As used herein, the term “enzyme” may include any variety of enzymesknown in the art. Suitable enzymes for use in the compositions disclosedherein such as, for example, a protease, may find use and are well knownin industrial settings such as in leather manufacture, in detergents andin cleansing, in desizing, or in food processing (cheesemaking,tenderization of meats, and stabilization of beer).

In embodiments, the enzyme may comprise a protease (e.g., rennin,pancreatin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, pepsin, cathepsin, papain, ficin,bromelain). As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art proteasescan have optimal activity under certain pH ranges and can be selectedfrom alkaline proteases (with optimum activity in the pH range of about7.5 to 13); neutral proteases (with optimum activity in the pH rangefrom 6.0 to 9.0); or acid proteases (with optimum activity in the pHrange from 2.0 to 5.0.

In embodiments the enzyme can comprise one or more amylases(endoamylases, exoamylases, alpha-amylases, beta-amylases). Inembodiments the enzyme can comprise one or more lipases (carboxylesterases). In embodiments, the enzyme can comprise one or morecellulase. In yet further embodiments the enzyme can comprise one ormore ligninase.

Non-limiting embodiments of enzymes can include one or more enzymeselected from a gamma-aminobutyrotransaminase, an amylase, a cellulase,a collagenase, a glucose oxidase, a glutamic acid decarboxylase, ahemicellulase, an invertase, a catalase, a lipase, a pectinase, apenicillase, a protease, or a streptokinase. Further non-limitingexamples include subtilisin, bromelain, papaine, trypsin, chymotrypsin,pancreatin, lysozyme, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments theenzyme comprises at least one of pancreatin (4×), protease AO,hemicellulase, cellulase, bromelain, papain, lipase, and amylase, or anycombination thereof. In further embodiments the enzyme comprises acombination of at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight ofpancreatin (4×), protease AO, hemicellulase, cellulase, bromelain,papain, lipase, and amylase.

Suitably, the enzymes may be derived from any organism or tissueincluding, for example from plants, mammalian tissue (e.g., pancreas,liver, etc.), or from microbes (bacillus species, for example, B.subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. alkalophilus, B. cereus, B. natto, B.vulgatus, B. mycoides; streptococci; Streptomyces; aspergillus). Thus,enzymes may be derived from natural sources, e.g., subtilisin fromBacillius subtilis or from genetically engineered clones, e.g.,subtilisin and mutant subtilisins as described in EPO Publication No.0130756. See also, Wells, J. A., et al. (1983) Nucleic Acids Res., 11,7911-7915; Yang, M., et al. (1984) J. Bacteriology, 160, 15-21; Estell,D. A., et al. (1985) J. Biological Chemistry, 260, 6518-6521. Inparticular embodiments, the enzymes may be provided from any number ofknown commercially available sources. In various embodiments, the enzymemay be added as a liquid or solid (e.g., powder).

Emulsifiers.

As used herein, the term “emulsifying agent,” “emulsifier,” or“surfactant” can include any surface active agent known in the art. Anyemulsifier (surface active agent), or any combination of emulsifiers,can be used as part of the emulsifier component of the compositionsdescribed herein. Suitably, the emulsifying agent is selected such thatit will not impede or inhibit the life cycle of the microbe(s) presentin the microbial component (e.g., does not inhibit the ability of themicrobe to proliferate or metabolize/degrade a hydrocarbon). Anemulsifier can be added as a component to the compositions disclosedherein either as a separate component, such as a fatty acid, or it canoptionally be produced by a microbe that is included in the microbialcomponent, which can be referred to as a “biosurfactant.”

Biosurfactants can be classified as either high molecular weight or lowmolecular weight. Non-limiting examples of low molecular weightbiosurfactants include rhamnolipids (Pseudomonas aerugniosa), trehaloselipids (Arthrobacter paraffineus, Rhodococcus erythropolis,Mycobacterium spp.), sophorose lipids (Candida lipolytica, Torulopsisbombicola), viscosin (Pseudomonas fluorescens), surfactin (Bacillussubtilis), polymixins (Bacillus polymyxa), gramicidin S (Bacillusbrevis), phospholipids (Acinetobacter spp., Thiobacillus thiooxidans),lipopeptides (Bacillis pumilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonasfluorescens), polyol lipids (Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorulagraminis), serrawettin (Serratia marcescens), fatty acids such ascorynomycolic acids and spiculisporic acids (Corynebacterium lepus,Arthrobacter parafineus, Penicillium spiculisporum, Talaromycestrachyspermus), sulfonylipids (Capnocytophaga spp.), diglycosyldiglycerides (Lactobacillus fermentii). High molecular weightbiosurfactants include such non-limiting examples as alas an(Acinetobacter radioresistens), emulsan (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus),biodispersan (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus), liposan (Candidalipolytica), mannan-lipoprotein (Candida tropicalis), food emulsifier(Candida utilis), insecticide emulsifier (Pseudomonas tralucida),sulfated polysaccharide (Halomonas eurihalina), acetylheteropolysaccharide (Sphingomonas paucimobilis). Further discussionrelating to biosurfactants can be found in Van Hamme, J. D., et al.,Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev, December 2003: pp. 503-549; Makkar &Cameotra, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., (1998) 20:48-52; Makkar &Cameotra, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., (2002) 58:428-434; Desai &Banat, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., (1997) 61:47-64; Cameotra & Makkar,Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., (1998) 50:520-529; Banat, Makkar, andCameotra, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., (2000) 53:495-508; and Banat,I., Biores. Technol., (1995) 51:1-12, each of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

In some embodiments the emulsifier component may include, but not belimited to, a surface active agent such as a non-ionic surfactant, acationic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, orvarious combinations thereof. Surface-active compounds may be providedas mixtures and suitably exhibit good emulsifying, dispersing andwetting properties. The surfactants listed below are only to beconsidered as examples, since a number of surfactants that areconventionally used in the art of formulation and suitable in accordancewith the disclosure are described in the relevant literature.

Non-limiting examples of non-ionic surfactants include, amides,alkanolamides, amine oxides, block polymers, alkoxylated primary andsecondary alcohols and alkylphenols (e.g., ethoxylated alcohols andethoxylated alkylphenols), alkoxylated fatty esters, sorbitanderivatives, glycerol esters, propoxylated and alkoxylated fatty acids,alcohols, and alkyl phenols, glycol esters, and polymericpolysaccharides, and combinations thereof. Further disclosure regardingnonionic surfactants can be found in the patent and non-patentliterature, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,855, U.S. Pat. No.4,865,773, U.S. Pat. No. 3,717,630; U.S. Pat. No. 3,332,880; and U.S.Pat. No. 4,284,435, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Anionic surfactants may include sulfosuccinates and derivatives thereof,sulfates of ethoxylated alcohols, sulfates of alcohols, sulfates offatty acids, sulfonates and sulfonic acid derivatives, sulfates andsulfonates of alkoxylated alkylphenols, phosphate esters, and polymericsurfactants, and combinations thereof. Suitable anionic surfactants maybe water-soluble soaps as well as water-soluble synthetic surfactants.Soaps which are suitable are the alkali metal salts, alkaline earthmetal salts and unsubstituted or substituted ammonium salts of higherfatty acids (C₁O—C₂₂), such as the sodium or potassium salts of oleic orstearic acid, or of natural fatty acid mixtures which can be obtained,for example, from coconut or tall oil; or fatty acid methyltaurinates.Synthetic surfactants may include fatty sulfonates, fatty sulfates,sulfonated benzimidazole derivatives or alkylarylsulfonates. Examples offatty sulfonates and fatty sulfates include the sodium or calcium saltof lignosulfonic acid, of the dodecylsulfuric ester or of a fattyalcohol sulfate mixture prepared with natural fatty acids. This groupalso includes the salts of the sulfuric esters and sulfonic acids offatty alcohol/ethylene oxide adducts. Examples of alkylarylsulfonatesare the sodium, calcium or triethanolammonium salts ofdodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, of dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid or of anaphthalenesulfonic acid/formaldehyde condensate. Also suitable arecorresponding phosphates, including salts, or phospholipids.

Non-limiting examples of amphoteric surfactants include betaines andbetaine derivatives, amphoteric imadazoline derivatives and fatty amineand fatty amine ethoxylate derivatives, and combinations thereof.

Cationic surfactants may include amine surfactants, including thosecontaining non-quaternary nitrogen, those containing quaternary nitrogenbases, those containing non-nitrogenous bases and combinations thereof.The cationic surfactants may have, as substituents, at least one alkylradical of 8 to 22 carbon atoms and, as further substituents, loweralkyl, benzyl or lower hydroxyalkyl radicals which may be halogenated.The salts may be in the form of halides, methylsulfates orethylsulfates. Non-limiting examples include stearyltrimethylammoniumchloride and benzyldi(2-chloroethyl)ethylammonium bromide. Additionalcationic surfactants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,457,109; U.S. Pat.No. 3,222,201; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,222,213, which are herebyincorporated by reference.

A number of suitable surfactants as described above are commerciallyavailable from sources including Harcros Chemicals Incorporated, UnionCarbide Corporation and Dow Chemical (Midland, Mich.), Shell ChemicalCompany (Houston, Tex.), The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati,Ohio), and Akzo Nobel (Fort Worth, Tex. and Houston, Tex.).

In some embodiments the emulsifier component includes at least one fattyacid (including any fatty acid derivative) or at least one phospholipidcompound. In some embodiments the emulsifier comprises at least onephospholipid. In some embodiments the at least one phospholipidcomprises lecithin.

Nutritive Component.

As used herein, the term “nutritive” relates to any compound orcomponent that can be used as a source of nutrition by at least one ofthe microbes that form part of the microbial component. The nutritivecomponent can be provided in solid (e.g., powders, lyophilisates),liquid (e.g., nutrient broths), or semi-solid gel form (e.g., agarplates, tapioca beads, etc.). In some embodiments the nutritive enablesat least one microbe to proliferate under standard growth conditions. Insome embodiments the nutritive allows at least one microbe toproliferate under stressed growth conditions (e.g., extremes temperature(arctic or desert), pH, or salinity, low oxygen environment,nutrient-deficient environment). Non-limiting examples of nutritivecomponents include any variety of culture media such as defined media(e.g., minimal media, trace vitamins and elements, carbon and nitrogensources), undefined (complex) media (e.g., extracts of yeast, beef, soy,mixtures of proteins and/or essential amino acids), selective growthmedia (mannitol salt agar), transport media, differential media,enriched media, and probiotic powders (e.g., spirulina).

The amount and type of the nutritive component can be selected based onthe composition of the microbial components, or the intended use orlocation of the composition (e.g., use in methods for removinghydrocarbons in a nutrient sparse environment). In some embodiments, thenutritive component comprises a probiotic composition. In someembodiments, the nutritive component comprises a complex medium. In someembodiments the nutritive comprises spirulina. In some embodiments thenutritive comprises spirulina and a fertilizer.

In some embodiments, the compositions as well as the individualcomponents (e.g., emulsifiers, nutrients, etc.) disclosed herein mayinclude salts, and are preferably selected from pharmaceutically,veterinary or agriculturally acceptable salts. Such acceptable salts arewell known in the art and can include, for example, salts of acceptableinorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric, nitric,carbonic, boric, sulfamic, and hydrobromic acids, or salts ofpharmaceutically acceptable organic acids such as acetic, propionic,butyric, tartaric, maleic, hydroxymaleic, fumaric, maleic, citric,lactic, mucic, gluconic, benzoic, succinic, oxalic, phenylacetic,methanesulphonic, toluenesulphonic, benezenesulphonic, salicyclicsulphanilic, aspartic, glutamic, edetic, stearic, palmitic, oleic,lauric, pantothenic, tannic, ascorbic and valeric acids. Basic saltsinclude, but are not limited to, those formed with pharmaceuticallyacceptable cations, such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium,magnesium, ammonium and alkylammonium. Basic nitrogen-containing groupsmay be quarternised with such agents as lower alkyl halide, such asmethyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides;dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl and diethyl sulfate, and others.

Optional Components

The compositions disclosed herein can further comprise additionalcomponents that can help stabilize the composition or provide additionaloptional features, depending on the particular use or method comprisingthe composition. Additional ingredients can include, but are not limitedto, a pH control agent, such as an acid, a base, or a combinationthereof. Acids can suitably include dilute mineral acids or organicacids. Bases can include an alkaline metal salt, or dilute solutionsthereof. Additional ingredients also include metal chelating agents(e.g., EDTA, NTA, and polyphosphates), dispersants (e.g., acrylic acidhomopolymers, polymers of acrylic and maleic acids, and oil dispersantssuch as Corexit), fragrance or odor counteractants (e.g.,cyclodextrins), hydrotropes (e.g., sodium xylene sulfonate, sodiumtoluene sulfonate, and sodium cumene sulfonate), additional watermiscible solvents, and viscosity modifiers (e.g., natural gums such asguar and synthetic poilymeric resins such as carboxy methyl celluloseand Carbopol brand polymers).

In some embodiments, the composition further comprise a suitablesubstrate or solid carriers that can be used to provide for compositionsto be formulated as dusts and dispersible powders including, forexample, salts, plant-derived carriers (cellulose, bran, etc.), groundnatural minerals (e.g., calcite, talc, kaolin, montmorillonite orattapulgite), silicas, absorptive polymers, any of which may optionallyhave high dispersion characteristics. Suitable particulate adsorptivecarriers can include porous carriers such as carbon (e.g., activatedcharcoal), pumice, brick grit, sepiolite or bentonite. Suitablenon-absorptive carrier materials include calcite or sand. In someembodiments, any variety of granulated materials of inorganic or organicmatter can be used such as, for example, mineral salts or plantmaterials (fiber residues, celluloses, starches, brans, and the like).In some embodiments, the substrate may comprise carbon (e.g., activatedcharcoal), salts, brans, starches, flours, or biodegradable fibers.

The compositions may comprise an amount of solvent. Examples of optionalsolvents include, but are not limited to acids, non-hydrogenated orpartially hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as paraffins or cyclohexane, alcohols suchas methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol, glycols and their ethers andesters such as propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol ether, hexyleneglycol, ethylene glycol, diethoxy glycol, ethylene glycol monomethylether or ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ketones such as cyclohexanone,isophorone or diacetone alcohol, strongly polar solvents such asN-methylpyrrolid-2-one, N-methyl-pyrrolidine, dimethyl sulfoxide orN,N-dimethylformamide, water, free or epoxidized oils such as, forexample, rapeseed oil, castor oil, coconut oil, wintergreen oil,cedarwood oil, rosemary oil, peppermint oil, geraniol, rose oil,palmarosa oil, citronella oil, citrus oils (e.g., lemon, lime, andorange), dillweed oil, corn oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, palm oil,vegetable oil, olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil, and silicone oils.

The compositions may comprise an amount of a fertilizer composition.Suitably, the fertilizer component may supplement the nutritivecomponent of the composition and may be particularly advantageous toinclude when the intended use of the composition will be under highstress growth conditions for the microbes in the microbial component(e.g., low oxygen, low temperature conditions). Such suitable fertilizercompositions are well known in the art, and typically comprise one ormore sources of nutrient nitrogen, phosphorous, oxygen, carbon, or traceminerals and vitamins that are important in promoting microbial growth.In some embodiments, suitable fertilizer compositions comprise a sourceof nitrogen and phosphorus. The amount of any fertilizer included in thecomposition can be readily determined by one of skill in the art, giventhe intended use of the composition, and any particular composition offertilizer.

Embodiments include commercially useful formulations or “ready-to-use”application forms. In such formulations, the composition can be suitablyprovided as a mixture with other active compounds, for example, variousadditional fertilizers, fragrances, carriers and/or delivery vehiclesthat expand the applicability of the composition described herein.Embodiments provide for the compositions manufactured as formulationsthat are useful for bioremediation of a crude oil spill. In someembodiments, the composition can be formulated as an emulsion, a liquidconcentrate, a sol gel (flowable agent), a spray, an aerosol, or thelike, by any standard or conventional methods for mixing andmanufacturing such formulations such as, for example, admixing thevarious agents optionally with any suitable additional inert ingredientthat is used as a carrier, solvent, diluent, emulsifier, dispersant,stabilizers suspending agent, or penetrant. The addition of thesematerials would depend on the active ingredient and the type offormulation and how it is intended to be applied.

Methods for Preparation

The compositions described herein can be generally prepared by anyappropriate manufacturing methods and processes and using anyappropriate manufacturing equipment such as is known in the art.Suitably, the compositions can be prepared by combining the variouscomponents (e.g., microbe(s), enzyme(s), emulsifier(s), nutritive(s),and optional substrate) in an appropriate vessel (considering vesselsize, amount of composition to be made and reactivity of components)with mixing (e.g., stirring or shaking) until a uniform or homogeneouscomposition is achieved. The various composition components can be addedsequentially, with mixing between each addition to ensure homogeneousdispersion of the previous component. For example, a composition can beprepared by first adding the one or more microbes of the microbialcomponent to a mixing vessel, adding the nutritive component to themicrobial component with stirring or shaking until the components form ahomogeneous dispersion. This may be followed by addition of theadditional components (e.g., enzyme component, and emulsifier component)with stirring or shaking to provide a homogeneous composition. Theoptional substrate can be mixed with the homogeneous composition. Insome embodiments, the method of manufacture can incorporate sterilemethods (e.g., sterilized mixing and storage vessels).

Methods

In an aspect, the disclosure relates to a method for removinghydrocarbons from an area that is contaminated by hydrocarbonscomprising (a) providing an amount of a composition as disclosed herein,and (b) applying an amount of the composition to at least a portion ofthe area contaminated by hydrocarbons, wherein the applying is performedunder conditions that allow for the hydrocarbons to be removed.

In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a method for promotingbioremediation in an area contaminated by a hydrocarbon comprising (a)providing an amount of a composition as disclosed herein, and (b)applying an amount of the composition to at least a portion of the areacontaminated by the hydrocarbon, wherein applying is performed undercondition that allow the composition to promote in situ bioremediation.

In a further aspect, the disclosure provides a method for cleaninghydrocarbons from a surface that is contaminated by hydrocarbonscomprising (a) providing an amount of a composition as disclosed herein,and (b) applying an amount of the composition to at least a portion ofthe surface contaminated by hydrocarbons, wherein the applying isperformed under conditions that allow for the hydrocarbons to beremoved.

In embodiments of the above methods, the contaminated area may be a bodyof water selected from seawater, fresh water, brackish water, wetland,swamp, or ice. In other embodiments, the contaminated area may be a landmass. In further embodiments, the contaminated area may comprise anatural or man-made solid surface selected from the group consisting ofplants, rocks, soils, metals, plastics, rubber, woven fiber, andconcrete.

According to embodiments of the methods, the composition can be appliedto or contacted with the hydrocarbon, or the area surrounding ahydrocarbon contamination, using any suitable delivery method ordelivery device. One of skill in the art will appreciate that suitablemethods and devices may vary widely, and depend upon any number offactors, including the location of the site of contamination, as well aswhether the composition is to be applied to flora or fauna (such asplants, grasses, trees, marine animals, terrestrial animals, birds,amphibians, etc.), applied broadly or specifically to various ecosystemsor environments exposed to a contaminating hydrocarbon (rocks, fabrics(e.g., clothing, tank liners), hydrocarbon holding tanks, pipelines,tank liners (e.g., plastics), bodies of water and/or shorelines (e.g.,surfaces of marine or freshwater, or within a particular depth the watercolumn, including lake bottoms and seafloor), applied in a particularclimate (e.g., arctic or sub-arctic climates, arid climates, tropical orsub-tropical climates), as well as depending on the nature and type ofcontaminating hydrocarbon (e.g., lighter alkanes, heavy asphaltenes,etc.).

For example, the composition may be applied to areas of hydrocarboncontaminated land or water using any suitable and well known method suchas, the manual or automated spreading of dispersible powders, sprayingsolutions or liquid dispersion, and the like.

Suitable methods for contacting animals contaminated with a hydrocarbon,include, but are not limited to, direct topical application, such as bydipping, scrubbing, or spraying. Where the composition is applied toanimals, including humans, formulations suitable for topical applicationinclude but are not limited to sprays, aerosols, solutions, scrubs,shampoos, pastes, gels, mousses, creams, and lotions. Similarly, inembodiments wherein the composition is applied to plants directly orindirectly (e.g., over contaminated regions that include plants),suitable application formulations include, but are not limited to, dustsincluding wettable powders, wettable granules, suspension concentrates,pellets, and liquids including emulsions (e.g., microemulsions), sprays,and aerosols.

Suitably, when composition is used to treat an animal, including ahuman, that is contaminated with a hydrocarbon the hair or skin of theanimal is contacted with the composition, preferably in the region(s)that are contaminated. As noted above, the composition may be appliedtopically in the form of ointments, aqueous compositions includingsolutions and suspensions, creams, lotions, aerosol sprays or dustingpowders. Animals that may be treated by the methods and compositionsdisclosed herein can include animals exposed to a contaminatinghydrocarbon such as, for example, any of land mammals such as humans,sheep, bears, cattle, horses, pigs, dogs, and cats; birds of any type(e.g., poultry, coastal seabirds, and penguins); marine mammals such aswhales, dolphins, porpoises, manatees, seals, sea lions, otters, andwalruses; fish; corals; and crustaceans. In embodiments, the methods canincorporate direct application of the composition to the animal (e.g.,as a scrub, gel, lotion, dust, etc.), or the indirect application of thecomposition to the animal (e.g., contacting the water or land in whichthe animal is present with the composition).

As used throughout the disclosure the term “effective amount” means aconcentration of the composition that is sufficient to at least reducethe amount of contaminating hydrocarbon on an animal, plant, or surfaceof an object, or in an environment relative to the amount ofcontaminating hydrocarbon in the absence of the composition (or prior tothe application of the composition). In some embodiments, an effectiveamount can remove substantially all the contaminating hydrocarbon. Theeffective amount of a composition used in the methods described hereinmay vary depending on the various components of the composition (e.g.,types and amounts of microbes in the microbial component, type andamount of emulsifier in the emulsifier component, etc.), the location ofthe hydrocarbon contamination, and the type and amount of hydrocarboncontamination. Beyond the guidelines provided herein regarding effectiveamounts, one of skill in the art will be able to determine effectiveamounts given consideration of the factors discussed above.

As used herein “reducing” when used in connection with methods for“reducing hydrocarbon contaminants,” for example, means that the methodremoves or ameliorates an amount of the hydrocarbon from the area orsurrounding area to which the composition is applied. As will beappreciated, the method need not entirely eliminate the contaminatinghydrocarbon, and the efficacy of the method may be determined by aqualitative assessment of the area (e.g., a visual assessment) or aquantitative assessment of the area (e.g., using any appropriateanalytical technique known in the art). In some embodiments, the methodis effective to reduce or substantially reduce the amount ofcontaminating hydrocarbon. “Substantially reduce” used in connectionwith amounts of contaminating hydrocarbon can mean that a qualitativeassessment (e.g., by appearance of the area of contamination) of theimprovement in the reduction of the amount of hydrocarbon contaminationarising from the method is at least about 50% to about 100% (e.g., atleast about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98%, 99%, or 100%). Thus, in some embodiments, the method canessentially eliminate the amount of hydrocarbon relative to the originalamount of contaminating hydrocarbon. In embodiments, the method canreduce the duration of the hydrocarbon contamination (i.e., the timerequired to remove, reduce, or substantially reduce the amount ofcontaminating hydrocarbon) at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%,40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more. Accordingly, themethods provided herein can reduce the time it would have taken in theabsence of the composition to eliminate or reduce the amount ofcontaminating hydrocarbon on the order of hours, days, weeks, or months.

In some embodiments, an effective amount of the composition is applieddirectly to area of hydrocarbon contamination, allowing for directcontact with the hydrocarbon. The composition is left in contact withthe contaminated area, or in direct contact with the hydrocarbon, for aperiod of time that allows for reduction in the amount of thecontaminating hydrocarbon. While the period of time will vary dependingon the particular location of the contaminated area, under moderateenvironmental conditions (e.g., air temperatures between 35-110° F.,water temperatures between 35-90° F.), the period of time can be from 5to 180 minutes (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65,70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140,145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, or 180 minutes). In otherembodiments, the period of time can be on the order of hours such as,for example 1-48 hours (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, or 48hours). In other embodiments the period of time can be on the order ofdays such as, for example 1-60 days (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, or 60 days).

As noted above, the composition can be applied in effective amounts thatare either based on qualitative or quantitative evaluation. For example,in some embodiments, the composition can be applied in an amount rangingin a ratio from about 0.00001:1 to about 100,000:1 (by weight), or fromabout 0.00001:1, 0.0001:1, 0.001:1, 0.01:1, 0.1:1, 1:1, 10:1, 100:1,1000:1, 10,000:1, or from about 100,000:1 based on a calculated or anestimated amount of contaminating hydrocarbon or crude oil in an area tobe treated. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the composition can beapplied in an amount that is effective to cover all or a portion of thesurface of a contaminated area, or all or a portion of the observablesurface of the contaminating hydrocarbon (e.g., as a slick on thesurface of water, or as agglomerated tar balls or “chocolate mousse” ina body of water or on land, etc.). Embodiments of the methods thatcomprise the qualitative application of the composition may be moreconvenient when, for example, the particular amount of contaminatinghydrocarbon cannot be readily or conveniently determined. As discussedherein, some of the advantages provided by the compositions disclosedherein include that the components comprising the composition arerelatively low cost (relative to existing compositions used to reducehydrocarbon contamination), and that the components can be selected toinclude components of the natural ecosystem, providing an eco-friendlysolution to hydrocarbon removal/decontamination. As such, theseadvantages in particular can allow for the liberal application and useof the compositions, without being driven by concerns regarding cost, orfurther environmental contamination by applying amounts of thecomposition beyond the minimum amount required to be an “effectiveamount.”

As noted above, the effective amount of the composition may depend onany number of factors including the various components used in thecomposition, the site of hydrocarbon contamination, and the type ofhydrocarbon contamination. However, in some embodiments that comprisethe use of the composition to remove, decontaminate, or bioremediatehydrocarbons in the form of crude oil, the composition can be suitablyapplied in amounts that range from about 0.0001:1, 0.001:1, 0.01:1,0.1:1, 1:1, 10:1, 100:1, 1000:1, or about 10,000:1(composition:hydrocarbon, by calculated or estimated weight). In someembodiments, these suitable amounts of the composition are applied tocrude oil contamination on a body of water. In some embodiments, thebody of water is a freshwater lake or river. In some embodiments thebody of water is seawater.

In other embodiments, suitable effective amounts of the composition areapplied to crude oil contamination on a land mass. In such embodiments,the composition can be suitably applied in amounts that range 0.001:1,0.01:1, 0.1:1, 1:1, 10:1, 100:1, or about 1000:1(composition:hydrocarbon, by calculated or estimated weight). Methodsthat incorporate the application of the compositions to areas of landcan further comprise optional additional steps, such as tilling in orderto promote mixture and/or penetration of the composition beyond thesurface of the land mass, application of oxygenating agents, applicationof fertilizers, and the like, in order to promote the general health andgrowth of the microbe(s) in the microbial component of the composition.

The disclosure also provides for use of the methods and compositionsdescribed herein in combination with other methods (concurrent orsuccessive) or compositions or active agents that are useful in removingcontaminating hydrocarbons (e.g., chemical or physical degradationincluding, for example, dispersants; physical isolation/separation ofhydrocarbons, etc.), or that are able to metabolize and/or bioremediatea hydrocarbon (e.g., alternative microbial formulations).

Thus, in some embodiments of the aspects disclosed herein that relate tomethods for cleaning or removing hydrocarbon contaminants from an area,the methods can incorporate additional steps and techniques thatcurrently find use in the containment and removal of hydrocarbons. Asdiscussed above, existing methods for the cleanup and recovery fromhydrocarbon contamination, such as from an oil spill, is expensive andunpredictable because its success depends on any number of variablesthat are location specific. Such factors can include the type and sourceof the oil or refined hydrocarbon product, or by-product that is spilledas well as the site and climate temperature at the location of thespill. Such factors can have an effect on the physical properties ofhydrocarbon (viscosity/flow rate, evaporation rate, etc.) as well as therate of any biodegradation that might be expected to occur naturally.

Accordingly, in some embodiments the methods disclosed herein canfurther incorporate existing strategies for hydrocarbon contaminantremoval (e.g., oil spill clean-up). Such strategies are generally knownin the art, and can be selected by one of skill based on the need orpotential need of the use of a removal strategy in addition to the useof the compositions disclosed herein. Additional strategies can includeany one or more of the following non-limiting examples.

A bioremediation accelerator may be added, which typically comprises oneor more hydrophobic chemical agent(s), and does not contain a microbe.The bioremediation accelerator typically contains components that caninteract physically or chemically bond to soluble and insolublehydrocarbons, and further contains a source of nutrients that can boostthe proliferation of indigenous bacteria that can metabolizehydrocarbons. While the accelerators can be used either on land orwater, because they generally act as an accumulating agent, acceleratorsare typically used in the water column and on the surface, and formgel-like agglomerates that float on the water surface.

Chemical dispersants (e.g., typically chemical polymers with or withoutsurface-active or non-surface active polymers) can be used to dissipateoil slicks and are typically added to improve the separation ofsuspensions or colloids, and preventing settling or agglomeration.Dispersants break up oil slicks that form on surface water through theformation of micelles that transfer and disperse within the watercolumn. This acts to spread the oil throughout a larger volume of waterwhich may aid in avoiding further damage to shorelines, or increase therate of natural weathering processes. Examples of known and widely useddispersants include Corexit 9527A and 9500A (Nalco, Naperville, Ill.).As noted herein, however, ongoing research implies that dispersants canincrease hydrocarbon levels in fish by a factor about 100 and may killfish eggs. Further, as the dispersant/oil droplets pass into the watercolumn, they can contaminate the sea floor, and can be toxic to coraland microscopic sea life. Accordingly, methods that incorporate thecompositions disclosed herein, when used in combination with agents suchas chemical dispersants may allow for reductions in the amount agentsrequired for effective removal of contaminating hydrocarbons, and lessenany deleterious effects on the environment.

The vacuum and centrifuge technique can be used advantageously on bodiesof water. The technique comprises vacuuming a mixture of water andcontaminating oil/hydrocarbon into a holding tank and separating the oiland water by centrifugation. This can allow for recovery of high purityoil fractions, but is typically inefficient because of regulations thatprohibit the release of the resulting water fraction because of residualoil contaminants.

Other techniques that may be used to recover or remove hydrocarboncontaminants on bodies of water include dredging (for oil components oroil dispersions more dense than water), skimming (typically requiringcalm water), solidifying (oil adsorbent/absorbent polymers that formsemi-solid materials), and controlled burning (as an initial step toreduce large amounts of oil in water, and is typically considered underlow wind conditions).

The exemplary techniques discussed above are generally known in the art.Further one of skill in the art will be familiar and/or recognize theequipment that may be used in connection with these techniquesincluding, for example, booms, floating barriers, skimmers, sorbents,vacuums, shovels, and the various chemical and biological agentsroutinely employed in these techniques.

The Examples that follow are intended to be merely illustrative of theaspects and embodiments described above and should not be viewed aslimiting to the scope of the appended claims.

EXAMPLES

Materials and Methods

The various components that were used in the non-limiting examples belowwere obtained from the source as indicated below.

Microbes:

Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluororescens wereeach supplied at 10 billion CFU/gram from Microbial Discovery Group,Franklin Wis. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Salivarius bifidum (weresupplied by Danisco, Inc., Madison, Wis.).

Enzymes:

Abbreviations for various unit of enzymatic activity used throughout thedisclosure are as follows, unless specifically indicated otherwise:United States Pharmacopeia (USP units) which can be found in the FoodChemicals Codex (2012 Food Chemicals Codex (8th Edition). The UnitedStates Pharmacopeial Convention is accessible at the U.S. PharmacopeialConvention website; Milk Clot Units (e.g., MCU/mg); Casein DigestionUnits (e.g., CDU/mg); Papain Unit (e.g., PU); Bromelain Tryosine Units(e.g., BTU/g); Rorer units; Gelatin Digesting Units (e.g., GDU/g).Protocols for determining activity in terms of these units are generallyknown in the art.

The enzyme components Pancreatin (4×), Protease AO, Hemicellulase,Cellulase, Bromelain, Papain, Lipase, and Amylase were purchased fromBio-Cat (Troy, Va.).

Emulsifiers/Nutritives:

Powdered lecithin granules were purchased from American LecithinCompany, Inc., (Oxford, Conn.). Hawaiian Spirulina powder was purchasedfrom Nutrex Hawaii Inc., (Kailua-Kona, Hi.). The purified waterincorporated into the composition mixture was sourced from CobaltDistribution Co., (Montrose, Calif.).

Substrate:

Bran was purchased from Arrowhead Mills, The Hain Celestial Group(Boulder, Colo.). Sea salt was purchased from wholesale or retailsuppliers.

Crude oil was obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) as Alaskan North Slope medium weight crude oil (ANS521) NationalEnvironmental Technical Applications Center for Bioremediation ProductEvaluation from the University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center(Pittsburgh, Pa.). Analysis of the composition of the crude oil by gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is summarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1 CG-MS Analysis of ANS521 Alaskan crude oil PolycyclicAlkane/Cycloalkane Aromatic Hydrocarbons Amount (μg/g) HydrocarbonsAmount (mg/g) C10 4.33 nap 1.00 C11 2.67 C1-nap 9.67 C12 2.00 C2-nap595.00 C13 5.67 C3-nap 3124.67 C14 268.67 C4-nap 2669.33 C15 2,511.67phe 430.00 C16 3,977.67 C1-phe 1295.33 C17 4,377.00 C2-phe 1767.00pristane 2,817.33 C3-phe 1481.33 C18 4,264.00 C4-phe 699.33 phytane2,468.00 flu 112.33 C19 4,021.00 C1-flu 476.00 C20 3,614.00 C2-flu675.33 C21 3,075.00 C3-flu 785.00 C22 3,372.67 dbt 372.33 C23 3,189.00C1-dbt 760.00 C24 3,009.67 C2-dbt 931.33 C25 2,920.00 C3-dbt 838.33 C262,699.67 nbt 72.67 C27 1,994.00 C1-nbt 269.67 C28 3,333.00 C2-nbt 361.67C29 1,485.00 C3-nbt 305.67 C30 1,051.33 flt 4.00 C31 891.67 pyr 18.67C32 701.00 C1-pyr 150.33 C33 640.67 C2-pyr 0.00 C34 769.67 cry 95.00 C35901.00 C1-cry 194.67 C2-cry 256.33 C3-cry 182.33 C4-cry 197.67 TotalAlkanes 58,367.33 Total Aromatics 19,132.00

Methods.

The test methodology used in some of the Examples was modeled to becompliant with EPA testing procedures for bioremediation products.

Example 1 Composition

An exemplary composition (Composition A) was prepared in order toprovide for evaluation of the efficacy in degrading hydrocarboncontaminants, such as those commonly found in crude oil (e.g., heavycrude oil, light crude oil, etc.). Briefly, the composition included amixture of components including: a microbial component, an enzymaticcomponent, an emulsifying and nutritive component, and an optionalsubstrate. Table 2, identifies the amounts of all the componentsincluded in exemplary Composition A.

TABLE 2 Composition A Amount Microbial Components Bacillus licheniformis⅛ tsp. Bacillus subtilis ⅛ tsp. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ⅛ tsp.Bacillus pumilus ⅛ tsp. Pseudomonas putida ⅛ tsp. Pseudomonasfluororescens ⅛ tsp. Lactobacillus acidophilus ⅛ tsp. L. Salivariusbifidum ⅛ tsp. Enzymatic Components Pancreatin (4x) 125 mg Amylase(20,000 USP) Protease (20,000 USP) Lipase (1,600 USP) Protease AO (5,000HUT)  50 mg Hemicellulase (3,000 DU) 100 mg Cellulase (3,000 DU) 175 mgBromelain (3,000 DU) 175 mg Papain (3,000 DU) 175 mg Lipase (3,000 DU)100 mg Amylase (3,000 DU) 100 mg Nutritive Components Powdered lecithingranules ¼ tsp. (emulsifier) Spirulan Hawaiian powder ⅛ tsp.(nutritional medium) Substrate Component¹ Bran — Sea Salt — Water ⅛ tsp.(to aid mixing of dry comp.) ¹For the experiments described below, thesubstrate was varied between bran (Example 3, “freshwatercontamination”) and sea salt (Examples 2, 3 (“marine contamination”),and 4).

The enzymatic component was premixed using the relative amounts of theenzymes described Table 2. Briefly, at room temperature the individualmicrobial components were measured and added to a sealable container.The nutritive component and about 1 gram total weight of the enzymaticcomponent were added to the microbial component. The substrate and waterwere then added to the container. The container was sealed and thecomposition was mixed by shaking for about 1-2 minutes, or until themixture appeared homogeneous. The mixture can be stored in a tightlysealed container for a prolonged period of time (months) at roomtemperature.

Example 2 Degradation of Crude Oil

A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy ofComposition A, prepared as described in Example 1 (sea salt assubstrate), in degrading an aqueous sample contaminated with crude oil.A series of three 1 liter reaction vessels were filled with about 100 mLof salt water solution (sea water, from Instant Ocean Aquarium Systems,Mentor, Ohio). The solutions were allowed to equilibrate to roomtemperature (˜72 F) for 12 hr. Following temperature equilibration,solution pH was measured to be about 7.8. A uniform amount of Alaskancrude oil (0.5 g) was gently added to the center of each of the threevessels using a sterilized Pasteur pipette. One of the reaction vesselswas maintained as a control and contained only salt water and crude oil.

An amount of a mixture containing only the microbes (i.e., about 0.25g-0.5 g of the mixture including ⅛ tsp. of each of the microbes in the“microbial component” in Table 2) was added to the second vessel.Composition A (about 0.25 g-0.5 g) was added to the third reactionvessel. After addition of the microbes and Composition A, all thereaction vessels were swirled to mix and simulate gentle, brief waveaction. The reaction vessels were maintained in open air at roomtemperature for a period of 14 days, and gently agitated by swirlingonce a day. Photographs of the reaction vessels were taken each dayunder normal lighting conditions and under exposure to a black lightsource. See, FIGS. 1-3.

Results

The addition of Composition A to the reaction vessel had a striking andimmediate effect on the appearance of the oil slick. FIG. 1 depicts aseries of photographs of the three reaction vessels taken over a periodof two weeks, where the vessels in column (i) correspond to controls(salt water+crude oil), the vessels in column (ii) correspond toaddition of microbes (salt water+crude oil+microbes), and the vessels incolumn (iii) correspond to addition of Composition A (salt water+crudeoil+Composition A). FIG. 1A was taken 10 minutes after the addition ofthe microbes (ii) and Composition A (iii) to the samples. Surprisingly,even within 10 minutes of addition, Composition A began to process andbreak down the crude oil, forming small punctate bodies having theappearance of ground pepper. While Composition A effectively dispersedthe oil slick, the oil slick was still evident in both the control andmicrobes sample (appearing as dark blotches as swirls in FIG. 1A(i) and(ii)).

By day 7 the sample containing Composition A was completely clear andhomogeneous in appearance, where even the small punctate bodies that hadformed almost immediately upon contact could no longer be observed byvisual inspection (FIG. 1D (iii)). While the oil slick was lesspronounced on day 7 in each of the control and microbes samples relativeto its appearance on days 1 and 3, it was still easily identified byvisual inspection (FIGS. 1B-1D). Over the course of the entire 14 dayexperiment, the oil slick was still observable as dark blotches andswirls in the control and microbes samples (FIGS. 1E-1F on days 10 and12, respectively).

Under a black light source on day 7, the oil slick was easily observedin the control and microbes only samples (FIGS. 2A, 2B, splotchy, lightgray regions), while there was no evidence of any oil in the samplecontaining Composition A (FIG. 2C, homogeneous appearance). FIG. 3depicts the samples under black light on day 12. While the black lightitself is seen as a reflection in the figure (patterned white circles in3B, 3C), even at day 12 the control and microbes samples retained anamount of oil slick (non-homogeneous regions in FIGS. 3A, 3B), relativeto the sample with Composition A (FIG. 3C, homogeneous appearance).

This experiment demonstrates that compositions disclosed herein, asexemplified by Composition A, are not only more effective than acomposition containing only microbes or just standard weathering indispersing and decomposing contaminating crude oil in a simulated marineenvironment, but that the compositions are unexpectedly fast andeffective in dispersing and decomposing crude oil. As depicted in FIG.1A, within 10 minutes of contacting an oil slick with Composition A, theoil slick itself was completely dispersed and appears as smallflocculent or punctate moieties. Over the course of days 2-7, thecomposition was effective in returning the salt water sample to itsoriginal appearance, having eliminated even the small, dark particulatesfrom the sample. These results are particularly surprising—andencouraging—because the general samples were left to sit generally stillover the course of the experiment, with only gentle swirling of thevessels once per day. It is generally recognized that oxygenation andwave action help to disperse and dissipate oil slicks by increasing therate of oil weathering and promote conditions that are more favorableendogeneous microbes that may be able to metabolize oil. As such, thecompositions described herein are not only effective in oxygen-richenvironments, but also in low oxygen environments.

Example 3 Bioremediation of Water

Field tests were performed using the composition according to Example 1in order to observe its effects and potential for remediation of largebodies of fresh water and seawater contaminated with crude oil.

Marine Contamination.

In July 2010, the inventor visited the coastal waters of Barataria Bay,near Grand Isle, La., which was effected by the Deepwater Horizon oilspill disaster. As documented at the time of the disaster, the recoverystrategy employed the use of the oil dispersant Corexit. Since the timeof that disaster, chemical dispersants such as Corexit have receivedintense scrutiny, with a number of researches concluding that the use ofchemical dispersants to manage oil spills in marine or freshwaterecosystems may be cause more damage to the ecosystem than the crude oilitself. Recent reports have even linked these dispersants with healthproblems in people who have been exposed to them, reporting incidencesof seizures, difficulty with movement, blindness, and even suicide.

The inventor prepared several containers of Composition A (Example 1)and applied it to smaller areas where crude oil slicks had collected, aswell as to rocky areas that had been exposed to oil. Upon contacting thecontaminated water with Composition A, a surface channeling action wasobservable. After just several minutes of contact, the surface area ofthe water that had been contacted with the composition appeared to havea normal appearance and was easily distinguishable from the areas thathad not been contacted where oil slick was still observable.

Freshwater Contamination.

In August of 2010, the inventor visited a 25 mile region of theKalamazoo River that had been contaminated by a rupture in the EnbridgeEnergy, which was estimated to spill over 1 million gallons of heavycrude oil into the environment. As of the summer of 2012, the total costassociated with clean up the spill was about $765 million. While most ofthe river was reopened by the end of June 2012, some sections of theriver remain closed or restricted to the public.

Again, the inventor prepared several containers of Composition A, withbran instead of salt as the substrate as the contamination was a body offreshwater, and applied it to smaller areas of the river water wherecrude oil slicks were clearly visible. As the waters of the river weremuch less turbulent than the waters in the Gulf coast, very pronouncedchanneling action on the water surface was observable upon contact withComposition A. Within minutes of its application Composition A clarifiedthe areas of surface water it contacted, with immediately adjacentregions still retaining a dirty appearance caused by the oil slick.

While the results of these initial small-scale field tests arequalitative they demonstrate that the compositions described herein areable to dissipate the appearance of oil slicks on fresh and salt watersurfaces, returning the surface to a more natural appearance.

Example 4 Assessment of Effect on Marine Wildlife

Additional testing was performed to assess the efficacy and impact thatComposition A has on remediating a simulated marine microsystem (withmarine wild life) was conducted following the qualitative oil spillfield tests performed in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Kalamazoo River(Example 3). An amount of crude oil (0.5 g) was added to about 100-200mL of a saltwater solution (sea water from Instant Ocean Aquariums) in asmall fish tank. Composition A (about 0.25 g-0.5 g) was added to thecontaminated fish tank. The mixture was occasionally mixed by gentleswirling (the tank was not equipped with a filter). As detailed inExample 2, the action of Composition A in dispersing and eliminating thecrude oil slick was immediately visible. Seven days after addingComposition A to the contaminated fish tank, any crude oil that wasvisible appeared as very small punctate bodies. At this time, a maleSiamese fighting fish, or “betta” fish (Betta splendens), was introducedto the tank. After a brief initial equilibration period, the betta fishappeared to show no signs of stress and was swimming naturally. The fishwas fed according to a normal schedule and has continued to thrive inthe tank for well over two years.

Example 5 Bioremediation of Soil

As Examples 2-4 demonstrate, the compositions disclosed herein areeffective in remediating the environment of contaminating hydrocarbonsby dissipating and removing crude oil in marine and freshwaterecosystems. The compositions described herein are also expected to beequally surprisingly effective in dissipating and remediating crude oiland hydrocarbon contamination on land and on surfaces. The compositionsdescribed herein, such as the exemplary Composition A described inExamples 1-4, will be tested in controlled experiments to assess itsability to biodegrade hydrocarbons on natural and manmade solid surfacessuch as, for example, plants, rocks, soils, metals/alloys, plastics,rubber, woven fiber, and concrete.

For example, small samples (e.g., 15-100 g) of soils (e.g., garden soil,topsoil, subsoil, etc.), rocks (e.g., sand, gravel, river rock,concrete, etc.), plastics (e.g., materials used as internal liners foroil tankers), and metals (e.g., steel) will be exposed to an amount of acontaminating hydrocarbon source, such as crude oil. An amount of acomposition as disclosed herein will be applied to the contaminatedsamples using methods that are appropriate based on the sample type. Forexample, either a solution or solid powder composition may beconveniently added to soil samples, while solutions, slurries, or pastescomprising the composition may be more convenient to apply to samplescomprising rock, plastics, or metal materials, as well as to indigenousflora and/or fauna (e.g., as a wash, spray, solution, rinse, gel,lotion, paste, shampoo, or scrub). Contaminated control samples willalso be maintained under conditions that are identical to the testsamples, but without the application or addition of the composition.

After a period of days following the initial application on soil, forexample, the effect of the composition will be evaluated by anyqualitative or quantitative techniques that are commonly used in theart. The data and results from the study will be evaluated in order todetermine whether the content, amount, or mode of administration of thecomposition has any effect on the results of the remediation of thecontaminating hydrocarbons.

It is expected that samples that are treated with a compositioncomprising the compositions disclosed herein, whether used alone or incombination with another method or composition effective for removing orremediating hydrocarbons or crude oil contamination will exhibit morerapid processing of the contaminating hydrocarbon relative to samplesthat are not contacted with the composition. It is further expected thatusing the compositions described herein in combination with anotherexisting method or composition for dissipating or removing acontaminating hydrocarbon will reduce either the duration of the othermethod or the amount of the other composition by a significant amount.As such, the compositions and methods described herein provide for amore rapid removal of contaminating hydrocarbons and reduce the costsassociated with current methods of hydrocarbon remediation.

I claim:
 1. A composition comprising a microbial component, an enzymaticcomponent, an emulsifying component, and a nutritive component, whereinthe microbial component comprises about 5-75% of the total weight of thecomposition and comprises an equal amount by weight of Bacilluslicheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacilluspumilus, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Lactobacillusacidophilus, and L. Salivarius bifidum; the enzymatic componentcomprises about 5-25% of the total weight of the composition andcomprises by weight about 10-15% pancreatin (4×); about 3-7% proteaseAO; about 10-15% hemicellulase, about 15-20% bromelain, about 15-20%papain, about 10-15% lipase, and about 10-15% amylase; the emulsifiercomponent comprises about 5-20% of the total weight of the compositionand comprises (by weight) about 5-15% lecithin; and the nutritivecomponent comprises about 5-30% of the total weight of the compositionand comprises by weight about 3-10% spirulan.
 2. The composition ofclaim 1, further comprising (by weight) about 3-10% water, and asubstrate selected from the group consisting of bran and sea salt. 3.The composition of claim 2, wherein the composition consists of: amicrobial component comprising an equal amount by weight of Bacilluslicheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacilluspumilus, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Lactobacillusacidophilus, and L. Salivarius bifidum; an enzymatic componentcomprising by weight about 10-15% pancreatin (4×); about 3-7% proteaseAO; about 10-15% hemicellulase, about 15-20% bromelain, about 15-20%papain, about 10-15% lipase, and about 10-15% amylase; an emulsifiercomponent comprising by weight about 5-15% lecithin; a nutritivecomponent comprising by weight about 3-10% spirulan; about 3-10% water;and a substrate selected from the group consisting of bran and sea salt.4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the microbial component consistsof an equal amount by weight of Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillussubtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonasputida, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and L.Salivarius bifidum; the enzymatic component consists of by weight about10-15% pancreatin (4×); about 3-7% protease AO; about 10-15%hemicellulase, about 15-20% bromelain, about 15-20% papain, about 10-15%lipase, and about 10-15% amylase; the emulsifier component consists ofby weight about 5-15% lecithin; and the nutritive component consists ofby weight about 3-10% spirulan.
 5. The composition of claim 1, whereinthe composition further comprises about 5-30% of a substrate component.6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the substrate component isselected from the group consisting of activated charcoal, salts, brans,starches, flours, and biodegradable fibers.
 7. The composition of claim1, wherein the composition further comprises about 5-30% water.
 8. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the microbial, enzymatic, and combinednutritive and emulsifying components are present in the relative amountsby weight of about 5:1:2.5, respectively.
 9. The composition of claim 1,wherein the nutritive component further comprises an additional sourceof nitrogen and phosphate.
 10. A method for removing hydrocarbons froman area that is contaminated by hydrocarbons comprising: (a) providingan amount of the composition according to claim 1; (b) applying anamount of the composition to at least a portion of the area contaminatedby hydrocarbons, wherein the applying is performed under conditions thatallow for the hydrocarbons to be removed.
 11. The method of claim 10,wherein the contaminated area is a body of water selected from seawater,fresh water, brackish water, wetland, swamp, or ice.
 12. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the contaminated area is a land mass.